Peer Reviewed Journal via three different mandatory reviewing processes, since 2006, and, from September 2020, a fourth mandatory peer-editing has been added.
This essay has two goals. The first is to classify two different
types of organizational institutions from the
four-dimensional system-thinking perspective, and to
identify the relationship between such organizational
institutions and their relevant behavioral-cultural gene codes
embedded within their (P-)individuals. Unlike the popular
belief that authoritarian or totalitarian institutions are caused
by ideologies or created/dominated by tyrannical leaders, the
author defines a concept of behavioral-cultural gene code
and extends the application of self-organization theory to
suggest that behavioral-cultural gene codes carried by the
members of the organization are responsible for the
formation of, either democratic or authoritarian, institutions.
Therefore, transformation of an authoritarian organization
into a democratic one, no matter at the level of groups, of
business enterprises, or of a government, must start from
transforming behavioral-cultural gene codes. The second
goal is to define Organizational Friction Coefficient for
capturing the characteristics of these two types of
organizational institutions, thus adding clarity to the widely
used concept of organizational efficiency in the contexts of
both business organizations and systems of government.
